We know that digital signals are stored as binary numbers in memory cells. Let’s see how these digital signals can be transferred in other words - how they can be encoded in to electrical signal shape. When signal has to be sent it has to be modulated.
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)

Probably simplest and most common modulation [...]

The term circuit technology usually refers to the various techniques that used in the manufacture of electrical circuits. A large number of devices that are used today make use of printed circuit boards (PCBs). These devices provide a mechanical support for the various components present within the given device and also, the electrical connections between [...]

Processing of audio signals is one of the most important and widely used applications of digital signals processing. It is being used in many fields such as communication, broadcasting of audio signals for radios, television etc. It primarily includes analysis of audio signals that fall in the human hearing frequency by mathematical. The audio signals [...]

Probably everybody gets confused each time when considering what connectors to use in electronic projects. There are so many connector types and technologies that can be chosen. So what connectors is the best choice, or there is no single answer? Before answer these questions lets go through several points. First of all why do we [...]

Batteries are cheap, small and relatively safe way of having portable energy source. There are many types of batteries with different characteristics and uses. Probably many of you heard terms battery and cell referring to the same. But from technical perspective these are different things - cell is a single unit which houses a single [...]

Bi-color LEDs are same LEDs as uni-color just there are more than one LED housed in one package. Bi-color LEDs may have two or three leads depending on intentional connection method.
Three lead LEDs have common cathode lead to which both LEDs are connected internally.
 
In order to tun one of the LEDs or both at the [...]

NVRAM(Non-Volatile Random Access Memory) is one of non-volatile memory selections. This may be alternative to EEPROM back up memory. NVRAM chips can be used for nonvolatile memory storage with many benefits comparing to EEPROM. Main benefit is that NVRAM chips work like static RAM. Actually they are RAM just they contain lithium cell battery [...]

RFID introduction
RFID taging technology is successfully used among us, but we don’t notice them always and do not think about them as they are not noticeable because we do not have directly to take any actions to transfer or read any information from RFID tags. But probably everyone notices in big supermarkets, book stores two [...]

Motor torque (momentum) is one of motor ratings which is used to indicate motor rotary force produced on its output shaft. Motor torque rating is usually captured at point when motor is stalled. Torque measurement unit is (Nm) in metric system or (ft lbs) in US system. But principle is the same torque is a [...]

Pulse transformers are little different from regular AC transformers. In AC transformers magnetic flux alternates between negative and positive values in core while in pulse transformers magnetic flux is unipolar. Pulse transformers are used in TV, computer power supplies. If you need to test pulse transformer it may be almost impossible to do this with [...]